Concept

Logistic map

The one-parameter rule that sends a number to r times itself times one minus itself, on the unit interval.

Named by 6 essays across one field — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

xf(x)x ↦ 3.2x(1 − x), started at 0.2the orbit settles into a cycle of 2 points

The staircase that shows the whole orbit

Take a number, feed it to a rule, feed the answer back in. There is a way of drawing that on the rule's own graph which turns the entire future of a starting point into a shape — and the shape is legible.

dynamics · iteration
r = 2.6slope in (−1, 1) — attractingr = 3.3slope outside (−1, 1) — repellingat r = 2.6 the slope at the crossing is -0.60 and the staircase walks inat r = 3.3 it is -1.30 and the staircase walks out — the crossing has not moved, its steepness has

A point that pulls, and a point that pushes

Every crossing of a curve with the diagonal is a value the rule leaves alone. Whether anything ever arrives there is decided by one number — the slope at the crossing — and the picture makes the reason obvious.

dynamics · fixed points
10rthe logistic map's attractor at 460 parameters between 2.4 and 4one column per parameter, and the number of points in a column is the period there

The road paved with doublings

Turn one dial slowly and watch what a map settles into. It settles on a point, then on two points, then four, then eight — faster and faster, and the doublings run out at a parameter that is finite.

dynamics · period doubling
perioddoubles at r =gap ratio22.99830443.4488464.743183.5438344.6385163.5643124.6464323.568719each doubling is found by bisection, and each ratio is measured from the two gaps beside itthe last one is 4.646; Feigenbaum's constant is 4.6692, and it is the same for any map with a smooth hump

A constant that does not care which map

The gaps between successive period doublings shrink by a factor. Measure that factor for the logistic map and you get 4.669. Measure it for a completely different map and you get 4.669, and nobody expected that.

dynamics · period doubling
step 14two orbits started 0.0001 apart, which is a distance no drawing can showthey are visibly apart by step 14, and by the end share nothing but their interval

A difference too small to draw

Two starting points a ten-thousandth apart, under the same rule, with nothing random anywhere. Within forty steps they have nothing in common — and the rule was not doing anything to them that it does not do to everything.

dynamics · sensitive dependence
0rthe average of log |f′| along the orbit — positive means nearby orbits separateat r = 4 it is log 2 = 0.6931, which is the one value here that can be checked exactly

How fast two orbits part

The word "sensitive" is an adjective. Averaging the logarithm of one derivative along an orbit turns it into a number — one that says how many steps of prediction the map allows, and whose sign says whether it allows any.

dynamics · sensitive dependence

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

OrbitBifurcationChaosIterationSelf similarityAttractorCobwebConvergenceDerivativeFixed pointPeriod doublingPeriodic orbit

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