Concept

Operation set

The fixed collection of moves a construction is allowed, which decides what can and cannot be reached.

Named by 3 essays across one field — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

01−12√3⁄2−√3⁄2two points, 1 line and 2 circles, 4 new pointseach new point was checked to lie on two of the objects drawn before it

What two points can build

A compass and a straightedge are not a craft. They are two operations on a set of points, applied over and over, and writing them that way turns "can this be drawn?" into a question with an answer.

computation · constructible numbers
x³ − 2candidatevalue thereroot?-2-10-1-31-126x³ − 2 has no rational root — all 4 candidates the theorem allows weretested and none is zeroa cubic with no rational root is irreducible over ℚ, so its roots have degree3

The cube that will not double

Doubling a cube needs an edge in the ratio of the cube root of two. That number satisfies an equation of degree three, three does not divide any power of two, and the oldest open problem in geometry closes in a line.

computation · constructible numbers
3 trisect · 14 do notcos θθrational root8/8y = 17/829°none6/841°none5/851°none4/860°none3/868°none2/876°none1/883°none0/890°y = 0-1/897°none-2/8104°none-3/8112°none-4/8120°none-5/8129°none-6/8139°none-7/8151°none-8/8180°y = -1cos θ = k/8 for k from 8 down to −8: 3 of 17 angles trisecteach verdict is the rational root theorem run to the end — 18–28 candidates per cubic, every onedivided out

The angle that will not divide by three

Halving an angle costs one circle. Cutting it in three means solving a cubic, and for sixty degrees that cubic has no rational root — but plenty of angles do trisect, and which ones is a question with a countable answer.

computation · constructible numbers

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

Constructible numberStraightedge and compassDegree of an extensionIrreducible polynomialRational root theoremCircleClosureCosineDoubling the cubeField extensionGeometric meanIncidence

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